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Counseling e psicoterapia con arabi e mussulmani

Counseling e psicoterapia con arabi e mussulmani

Autore: Marwan Dwairy,

Editore: Franco Angeli, 2015, pp.206, € 29,00

Genere: Psicologia antropologica

Chiave di lettura:antropologia cognitiva e comunicazione interculturale

Frase chiave: “I counselor possono trovare difficoltà nel comprendere la logica dello stile genitoriale autoritario in quanto non hanno vissuto personalmente, come invece hanno fatto gli arabi mussulmani, la vitale interdipendenza individuo-famiglia che esiste laddove è assente una protezione dello stato.


 

Nell’era della globalizzazione le competenze interculturali sono fondamentali per sapersi relazionare con culture lontane, lavorare insieme, cooperare, convivere. Ma acquisirle non è facile. Bisogna essere aperti al confronto. A prevalere, però, è più spesso la diffidenza, perché ciò che non si conosce si teme o si respinge. I mussulmani sono visti in occidente come una minaccia. Ma l’Islam, è diffuso in tutta Europa, è parte del nostro mondo. E che ci piaccia o no, bisogna imparare a conviverci. Ma quali saperi occorrono per intraprendere un dialogo senza pregiudizi?

Alcune risposte illuminanti potrete trovarle in Marwan Dwairy, Counseling e psicoterapia con arabi e mussulmani, Franco Angeli. Lo ha scritto uno psicologo palestinese che nel 1978 ha aperto a Nazaret il primo centro psicologico per arabi-palestinesi. È un testo utile per capire la mentalità mussulmana. Il taglio è antropologico e suggerisce che, prima di interpretare un comportamento a noi incomprensibile, bisognerebbe sforzarsi di entrare nella mentalità dell’arabo, comprendere le convinzioni e i valori che lo motivano. Un suggerimento utile, questo, non solo per psicoterapeuti, ma per chiunque voglia o debba relazionarsi con quel mondo. Per aiutarci in questo senso, il libro inizia inquadrando la storia dello Stato islamico. Procede esplicitando i valori derivati dalla cultura tribale-beduina, ancora dominante in molti paesi mussulmani. Una delle differenze stridenti, fra noi e loro, è la visione individualista degli uni, rispetto a quella collettivista degli altri.

“Nella cultura collettivista-autoritaria degli arabi-mussulmani – spiega Dwairy – la sfera del Sé non si stacca mai dalla famiglia e dalla comunità”. Di qui la sottomissione ai genitori e al clan, da cui è inevitabile essere dipendenti poiché, diversamente dalle società occidentali, dove lo stato sostiene i cittadini con servizi e posti di lavoro, la maggior parte degli stati arabo-mussulmani demanda il problema alle famiglie e ai clan. Conseguenza: nella vita dell’arabo-mussulmano le decisioni importanti (carriera, matrimonio, educazione dei figli ecc.)finiscono per essere dettate dal contesto familiare e dalla comunità. I desideri dell’individuo hanno peso marginale. Quello che per noi è valore irrinunciabile, l’indipendenza, per loro è una minaccia, sintomo di immaturità. Alcuni studiosi occidentali sono portati a credere che questa dipendenza possa essere all’origine di alcune psicopatologie. Secondo a Dwairy è falso. L’autore sostiene che l’autoritarismo dei genitori, o degli insegnanti arabo mussulmani (persino le punizioni corporali), non causano, tranne in casi estremi, disturbi psichici; anche perché, quando una situazione è dura da accettare, l’arabo musulmano attiva difese che proteggono il proprio ego come il meccanismo della “identificazione con l’oppressore”. “Una delle sue manifestazioni estreme – spiega l’autore – è quando le donne maltrattate o abusate finiscono per incolpare sé stesse per l’accaduto”. E ancora, quando i desideri dei genitori collidono con quelli dei figli questi ultimi preferiscono rinunciare ai propri pur di evitare il conflitto”.

Per le teorie psicologiche occidentali queste azioni remissive condizionano la personalità e   generano disfunzioni psichiche. Dwairy precisa che: “La personalità degli arabo-mussulmani è un costrutto collettivista e comprende fattori sociali (norme) e fattori intra-psichici. Il conflitto principale si svolge all’interno della sfere intra-familiare, anziché in quella intrapsichica, per cui loro hanno bisogno di meccanismi sociali per gestire la pressione esterna, piuttosto che di meccanismi di difesa inconsci. Questa differenza impatta sulla concezione dei disturbi mentali e sulla relativa cura”. La Teoria della Personalità, mal si presta, dunque, a comprendere la mente dell’arabo-mussulmano. E anche il DSM-IV (manuale Diagnostico, Statistico dei Disturbi Mentali) va usato con cautela. Infatti “Le differenze culturali producono differenze psichiche profonde, al punto che, in culture diverse – spiega l’autore – sintomi identici possono indicare patologie distinte e richiedere terapie opposte”. I disordini alimentari, ad esempio, nel mondo arabo mussulmano sono meno diffusi e indicherebbero difficoltà di relazione, mentre da noi sono legati al Sé. Le conclusioni cui giunge le troverete in un capitolo dal titolo eloquente, “La terapia non è il luogo dove cambiare la cultura”. L’idea di fondo è che il terapeuta non ha il diritto di giudicare le pratiche culturali come buone o cattive; deve verificare solo se sono funzionali al cliente. Compito del terapeuta è lavorare all’interno del punto di vista cliente (come un antropologo), facilitando nuove coalizioni che lo aiutino a convivere con il problema o a reinterpretarlo in una prospettiva meno disturbante, evitando, tranne in casi estremi, rotture con al famiglia, anzi cooptandola. Bisogna comprendere la cultura dell’altro, insiste Dwairy, che non significa condividerla. Ma solo così si potrà aiutare il cliente a cercare vie d’uscita compatibili con la sua visione del mondo. Il libro spiega come riuscirci, e in questo è un   valido supporto al dialogo interculturale.

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